Research on the Mode Dependent Loss in the Trans-oceanic Coupled Core Multi Core Fiber Links

SUN Lin; MAO Meng; ZHANG Lu; WANG Weiye; LIU Ning; SHEN Gangxiang

doi:10.13756/j.gtxyj.2025.240262

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Research on the Mode Dependent Loss in the Trans-oceanic Coupled Core Multi Core Fiber Links

更新时间：2025-08-16

- Research on the Mode Dependent Loss in the Trans-oceanic Coupled Core Multi Core Fiber Links
- Study on Optical Communications Issue 4, (2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  苏州大学　电子信息学院，江苏　苏州　215031
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.13756/j.gtxyj.2025.240262
  CLC： TN929
- Received：13 December 2024，
  
  Revised：31 December 2024，
  
  Published：10 August 2025
- 稿件说明：
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孙林，毛萌，张璐，等. 耦合多芯光纤跨洋传输中的模式依赖损耗研究[J]. 光通信研究，2025(4): 240262.

Sun L, Mao M, Zhang L, et al. Research on the Mode Dependent Loss in the Trans-oceanic Coupled-core Multi-core Fiber Links[J]. Study on Optical Communications, 2025(4): 240262.
孙林，毛萌，张璐，等. 耦合多芯光纤跨洋传输中的模式依赖损耗研究[J]. 光通信研究，2025(4): 240262. DOI： 10.13756/j.gtxyj.2025.240262.

Sun L, Mao M, Zhang L, et al. Research on the Mode Dependent Loss in the Trans-oceanic Coupled-core Multi-core Fiber Links[J]. Study on Optical Communications, 2025(4): 240262. DOI： 10.13756/j.gtxyj.2025.240262.

摘要

【目的】

现阶段超过99%的国际数据正在海底光缆中传输，海缆系统主要存在供能受限与物理空间受限的难题，多芯光纤（MCF）被认为是下一代海缆系统的潜在解决方案。耦合多芯光纤（CC-MCF）因其具备更高的空间复用密度，适用于物理空间受限的海缆系统以作为扩容的关键传输媒介。针对制约CC-MCF传输性能提升的关键损伤之一——模式依赖损耗（MDL），文章聚焦于CC-MCF跨洋传输中的MDL机理与抑制技术，旨在探究异质MCF的空间模式色散（SMD）对MDL估计与抑制的性能影响。

【方法】

具体地，通过建立基于耦合薛定谔方程的4芯CC-MCF跨洋传输模型，并基于仿真模型进行自洽验证，探究了不同链路SMD条件下，基于多输入多输出（MIMO）抽头的MDL估计的准确度演变规律。同时，探究SMD影响下基于Hadamard变换的空时编码（STC）技术方案的MDL抑制性能。

【结果】

结果表明，低于10 ps/km的SMD系数有助于实现准确的MDL估计，同时实验验证了采用基于Hadamard变换的STC技术在4芯CC-MCF传输系统中，当存在10 dB MDL时可以带来超过5.5 dB的

值增益。

【结论】

文章研究结果基于理论仿真与实验验证，综合分析了CC-MCF链路的损伤估计与抑制，有望为下一代高空间复用密度的CC-MCF海缆通信技术提供重要参考。

Abstract

【Objective】

Over 99% international data are transmitted over optical submarine cables. However

the main challenges of optical submarine communications are the feeding power and mechanical size limitation. Coupled Core-Multi Core Fibers (CC-MCF) are well-suited for submarine cable systems with physical space limitations

as they offer higher spatial multiplexing density and serve as an effective key transmission medium for expanding capacity. One of the critical impairments limiting the enhancement of transmission performance in CC-MCF is Mode Dependent Loss (MDL). This paper focuses on the mechanism of MDL in transoceanic transmission using coupled MCF

aiming to investigate the impact of Spatial Mode Dispersion (SMD) in heterogeneous CC-MCF on the estimation and mitigation of MDL.

【Methods】

Specifically

by establishing a coupled 4-core transoceanic transmission model and conducting self-consistent validation

this study explores the evolution of the accuracy of MDL estimation based on Multiple In Multiple Out (MIMO) taps under different SMD conditions. Additionally

it also investigates

for the first time

the MDL mitigation performance of a space-time coding technique based on the Hadamard transform under the influence of SMD.

【Results】

The results indicate a low level of SMD coefficient below 10 ps/km is helpful to the efficient MDL estimation and mitigation. Moreover

the use of Space Time Coding (STC) has provided a 5.5 dB

factor gain to our 4-core CC-MCF transmission system.

【Conclusion】

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the actual transmission characteristics of CC-MCF. Its findings offer valuable insights into the potential development of next-generation CC-MCF submarine cable communication technologies

particularly those aiming for high spatial multiplexing density.

关键词

Keywords

references

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Sun L , Zhang J , Zhou G , et al . Theoretical Investigations of Weakly and Strongly-coupled Multi-core Fibers for the Applications of Optical Submarine Communications under Power and Fiber Count Limits [J ] . Optics Express , 2023 , 31 ( 3 ): 4615 - 4629 .

Hayashi T , Tamura Y , Hasegawa T , et al . Record-low Spatial Mode Dispersion and Ultra-low Loss Coupled Multi-core Fiber for Ultra-long-haul Transmission [J ] . Journal of Lightwave Technology , 2017 , 35 ( 3 ): 450 - 457 .

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